In this challenge, participants dumped a bucket of ice water over their heads and uploaded the video to social media. In many cases, people will set aside their own personal beliefs or adopt the opinion of the rest of the group. However, it remains unclear how it has been conceptualized, studied, and mitigated in the context of health professionals conducting patient care. Space shuttle engineers knew about certain faulty parts before the take-off. This is an excellent example of groupthink theory. Groupthink, a term coined by Irving Janis to depict premature consensus seeking in highly cohesive groups, is a theory that has been widely discussed in disciplines outside health care. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50881. This is a result of a collective failure to see alternatives and seek for better . They can then frame a lack of final agreement as progress and so maintain morale and forward momentum. The power of groupthink: Study shows why ideas spread in social networks. APA Journals Article Spotlight is a free summary of recently published articles in an APA Journal. Groupthink can lead collective rationalization, lack of personal accountability and pressure to acquiesce. In his original descriptions of groupthink, Janis suggested that the escalation of the Vietnam War, the Bay of Pigs invasion, and the failure of the U.S. to heed warnings about a potential attack on Pearl Harbor were all influenced by groupthink. Employees not speaking up in a work meeting because they dont want to seem unsupportive of their teams efforts. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Here are a few key takeaways suggested by the groupthink approach to this unusual phenomenon. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. They have even planned for more than 50 affordable flights a year. In medical education, groupthink occurs in the long sleepless hours worked by medical residents. Recommending a new national protocol required embracing tectonic change with tremendous risk. At one point, Kodak was the world leader in camera technology. Entertaining opposing viewpoints can help break up the norm of . Groupthink stifles individual creativity and independent thinking in group members . Revisiting the Bay of Pigs and Vietnam Decisions 25 Years Later: How Well Has the Groupthink Hypothesis Stood the Test of Time?. Groupthink can occur any time you involve a group of people in decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(23), 163-184. : Houghton Mifflin. According to historical sources, a small group of teenage girls (led by a 17-year-old called Elizabeth Hubbard) instigated the trials when they began accusing others of witchcraft. More specifically, it was because members of the team who designed the shuttle felt that the testing efforts were adequate. The film centers on a group of girls who come together to bully and ostracize another girl. Ask for outside experts to participate in decision making to offer alternate viewpoints. (E.g., Others used it before and it worked then, so its not our fault that it didnt work now.). Three research-backed strategies to keep innovative ideas flowing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1972. From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors, 25 Most Famous Groupthink Examples in History and Pop Culture, Force Field Analysis Explained with Examples, Extreme Ownership Speed Summary (3 Minutes) w/ PDF, 25 Ways to Improve Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace, "From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors. They simply went ahead and ran the ad. What we saw in the groups that overcame groupthink is that it began with one member expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo. In what remains of the 21st century, we need more leaders, influencers, researchers, innovators, and rank and file clinicians to rise to the occasion and provide us with new fixes to longstanding problems. What was once the worlds No. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Give an example of the following characteristics of bureaucracy: (1) system of rules . Resisting health mandates: A case of groupthink? Isolated from dissenting opinions, they thought of themselves as invincible. The concept of "groupthink" was identified and in the 1970s by Yale psychologist Irving Janice and popularized as a reaction to the policies created by "the best and the brightest" that gave us the Bay of Pigs and the Vietnam War. The negative effects of these faulty decisions eventually began to accumulate and eventually led to the collapse of the company. Keith Carlson, RN, BSN, NC-BC, has been a nurse since 1996. This is according to a book by former Enron employee Sherron Watkins. Keywords: To quell the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, health authorities urged people to take easy-to-implement precautions, such as limiting social interactions, wearing a face covering, and vaccinating. Groupthink: An Impediment to Success, by Clifton Wilcox Victims of groupthink; A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes, by Irving Janis. A modern example of Groupthink is a politically incorrect marketing campaign, imagine a company seeking to launch a new marketing campaign for a consumer product. These all boil down to the same idea: Individuals are influenced by a larger group . Examples of Groupthink If you're not sure groupthink is a real thing, there are countless examples of groupthink to prove it. Many people complied, but some did not. 2022;44(3):309-318. doi:10.1080/0142159X.2021.1987404. They were sure that the Japanese would see the obvious futility of entering a war with the US. Groupthink defined Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon in which people make largely unanimous and unquestioning decisions for a variety of reasons: Avoidance of disagreement and conflict The desire to maintain the status quo The pull to conform with others The fear of looking ignorant or wrong Disclaimer. Yet not all consensus-based problem-solving groups engage in groupthink. Cancel culture is another blatantly obvious example of groupthink. Don't miss a post! Return to APA Journals Article Spotlight homepage. And Ryan interpreted the audit system not allowing for patient control as onerous. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Bookshelf The reason given for this war was supposedly that Hussein was stockpiling WMDs. Janis IL.Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. The phenomenon can have high costs. Literature search and article selection process. has been shown to help teams build morale and forward momentum. Nicky: Is there a recommended wording you think will make this point clear? This can have disastrous consequences for the group. Thus, in many instances, woe to the innovative nurse who has a new solution to offer. At the time, there was no standard technology platform for health care providers, and no common technical language or coordination efforts across state lines. These groups are highly prone to groupthink quick agreement around status quo solutions with little discussion or deliberation. While this did give the airline easier access to the European market, things didnt last. In its effort to avoid negative press, NASAs Challenger mission claimed seven liveswhile the nation was watching. For example, research shows that groups with seven or more members are more susceptible to confirmation bias. A social group in this type of group setting can quickly develop conformity for the sake of cohesion. To counter this, the company devised an audacious marketing plan. Victims of cancel culture are convicted without trial and may have their careers, lives, and families destroyed. An example of this is when a larger group of boys begins to victimize an overweight boy, culminating in his murder. ", 25 Best Ways to Make a Good First Impression, 25 Best Ways to Overcome the Fear of Failure, 100 Best Side Hustles for Teens to Make Money, 10 Proven Psychological Pricing Strategies with Examples, 100 Office Etiquette Rules You Need to Know, 50 Best Business Letter Closings of All-Time. This is a root media process that can suffer from biases. Read our, 9 Little Habits That Make You a Better Decision Maker, How to Lead: 6 Leadership Styles and Frameworks, How Your Brain May Trick You Into Conforming With Peers Against Your Beliefs, How a Transactional Leadership Style Works, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Group decision making: The potential for groupthink, Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory - A literary review, Groupthink among health professional teams in patient care: A scoping review, Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations. Weak-willed and ineffective politicians, mercenary insurers, greedy pharmaceutical companies, cadres of lobbyists, and others standing in the way of innovation and positive change must be thwarted by most any means necessary. Whoever still blindly supports such cruel and ineffective indoctrination is an obvious adherent to groupthink that absolutely endangers patients. However, it remains unclear how it has been conceptualized, studied, and mitigated in the context of health professionals conducting patient care. This escalation resulted in a bombing campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder and the eventual deployment of American troops in Vietnam. On Dec. 4, 2016, Edgar Maddison Welch of Salisbury, N.C . In January 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts aboard. Launching an offensive advertising campaign for a consumer product because employees dont articulate their dissent. Jones. The experiment took place over five days, and each day added more rules and beliefs. In fact, it was actually the first video in the history of YouTube to break one million views. There were dozens of reasons why (the biggest being accounting irregularities), but another answer was groupthink. Takes longer. Gatekeeping is the process of filtering messages. Mallidou AA, Frisch N, Doyle-Waters MM, MacLeod MLP, Ward J, Atherton P. Syst Rev. Its been found that members with better jobs and education have a great amount of influence over lesser members and can persuade them to change their verdict. The next key moment in avoiding groupthink is when a member reacts to the trigger by proposing a placeholder solution. They found that the groups who avoided groupthink followed three steps: 1) They challenged the status quo; 2) They adopted a placeholder solution that allowed them to agree on broad principles even if they disagreed on the details; and 3) They celebrated progress towards a final agreement, which allowed them to maintain morale and momentum. 2017;4(8):170193. doi:10.1098/rsos.170193. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2-3), pp. Its interesting to note how the community reached a consensus, based on almost no evidence. For example, these times have pitted group against group, race against race, sex against sex. Upon release, this ad sparked a huge outcry, resulting in it being pulled from television within a day. When people in groups have diverse backgrounds and experiences, they are better able to bring different perspectives, information, and ideas to the table. By the mid-80s, Coke was in big trouble. Scholars have found that decision-making processes only sometimes define ultimate outcomes. government site. By Kendra Cherry It was only when the evidence became undeniable that these doctors reversed their claims. You feel it might be offensive to some demographic groups. Ryan: I have a problem with the pure audit model. In the case of Nazi Germany, this is what clearly happened. An often cited example of group think is the Challenger disaster. Alternatively, they might not want to avoid punishments associated with expressing dissent. One of these rules required that students stand up when answering questions and begin their answer by saying Mr. Eight databases were systematically searched for articles focusing on groupthink among health professional teams using a scoping review methodology. Children (Basel). 2022 May 18. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the One symptom of groupthink is a fanatical need to carry out decisions made by the team leader, project manager, or person in charge (no matter how horrific these decisions are.) Whats more, they also believe that their actions are morally justified and are actually a good thing. Groupthink or herd mentality refers to maintaining uniformity and cohesiveness in thoughts and action by every group member due to in-group pressures. Give people time to come up with their own ideas first. One of these examples is the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Organizational Tonypandy: Lessons from a Quarter Century of the Groupthink Phenomenon. Avoiding groupthink can be a matter of life or death. Their goal was to figure out and recommend a process to the U.S. secretary of health and human services to make Americans health care records electronic by 2014. Those firmly ensconced in the healthcare ecosystem can likely agree that groupthink plays a larger role than we would like to believe. Prior to making a major decision, go around the room and ask each member for the pros and cons of the decision. Regardless of this, the public and news media went along with the lie, and this helped to create support for the invasion. And yet, they did not block the launch because of public pressure to proceed. According to Janis, the key characteristics of groupthink are: In the 1980s, NASA earlier debuted a space shuttle program that would be accessible to the public. Prof. Douglas Guilbeault shows that large groups of people all tend to think alike, and also illustrates how . He wrote about this phenomenon in the 1972 publication titled Victims of Groupthink a Psychological Study of Foreign-policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. As far as wrong decisions go, this was a major blunder. Groupthink; errors; group decision making; healthcare team; scoping review. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000132. On December 2, 2001, energy giant Enron filed for bankruptcy. Their higher intelligence also makes them believe that whatever they think is right. Reward creativity and give group members regular opportunities to share their ideas and thoughts. Groupthink is the tendency for individuals to agree with each other in a group setting, usually in order to conform and keep harmony. It also demonstrates that the makers paid little attention to the feelings of diverse groups. This article provides a summary of research related to the groupthink theory. In 2017, Kendall Jenner appeared in a highly controversial ad for Pepsi. Groupthink is a process in which the motivation for consensus in a group causes poor decisionsmade by knowledgeable people. This fictional example illustrates key symptoms of groupthink: (i) group cohesion, (ii) selfcensorship, (ii) the mindguard (team leader) banning alternative opinions. The invasion ended up being an enormous failure, and people directly blamed the Kennedy administration. Some people have classified this event as an example of groupthink. This review found that focus on groupthink and group decision making in medicine is relatively new and growing in interest. All it takes is one accusation, and an unthinking lynch mob will descend on you. This article is in the Social Psychology and Social Processes topic area. Watch Out for Groupthink SMA News July 2014 Message from the Chief, Safety and Mission Assurance. Indeed, previous research has challenged Janis model. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. Consider allowing people to submit anonymous comments, suggestions, or opinions. In 1992, talk show Johnny Carson decided to retire from The Tonight Show. Perhaps we can take all these elements and evolve them into something that is more user friendly once we have full agreement about what we think will work. When the company began to fail, they refused to listen to differing viewpoints or consider alternative courses of action. A good example of this is Mensa. Home Business 25 Most Famous Groupthink Examples in History and Pop Culture. The airliner soon found itself overwhelmed by debt and was quickly insolvent. Its also a great example of how small groups of people can have an outsized influence when it comes to groupthink. Groupthink has become a widely studied and accepted phenomenon. For example, the root cause of their problems was the growing popularity of fruit juices and diet sodas. The company was rapidly losing market share to Pepsi and other drinks. Thus, they failed to prepare for the bombing of Pearl Harbour, which claimed many lives. Discuss how the solutions that have been used before might not solve the current problem you face. Public health interventions, such as mandated vaccinating or quarantining during an epidemic, are necessary to limit the spread of communicable diseases, but in many cases, certain groups resist these initiatives. Kevin: Is this data accessible on the network, or is it data that resides within an individuals application? Instead of expressing dissent and risking losing a sense of group unity, members stay silent. The best way to avoid this phenomenon is to make yourself aware of it (studying the above examples will help.) Here are four biases that commonly surface in medicine. Thankfully, there are a lot of ways to avoid groupthink. Feb 26, 2023 - 1.11pm. The majority voted for Brexit, but the decision has caused many problems for the UKproblems that could have been avoided if every opinion had been heard and respected. Healthcare is not an industry where groupthink, blissful ignorance, or pandering to the powerful produce any appreciably positive results. Figure 1. groupthink. Groupthink is a term coined by Irving Janis in 1972. While groupthink can generate consensus, it is by definition a negative phenomenon that results in faulty or uninformed thinking and decision-making. And although groups like the ALS Association received millions in extra funding, most people had no idea that there were positive intentions behind this challenge. We conducted a study in which we examined verbatim transcripts from four virtual task forces established in 2004, by the American Health Information Community (AHIC). Think about the last time you were part of a group, perhaps during a school project. This is an example of groupthink in the workplace. Of these people, 20 were later executed. Next, encourage the group to adopt and discuss a liminal idea. Groupthink is a widely utilized theory in social psychology, organizational theory, group decision-making sciences, and management fields. Delaying agreement can feel very stressful as it requires acknowledging uncertainty, which groups can interpret as failure or a lack of progress. Some of them distrusted the medical experts, some did not think the virus would harm them, and some resisted because they were members of groups that resisted. 2022 Sep 21;9(10):1436. doi: 10.3390/children9101436. This more than likely happened because the community wanted to keep group cohesiveness and harmony in the town. Groupthink. Consumers wanted a new look. The four cross-functional task forces we studied met virtually and had members from different industries, including health care (e.g., doctors, nurses, a hospital president), insurance (e.g.,. Another form of nursing groupthink is the hazing and bullying of new nurses. There are dozens of reasons why the market crashed. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. Its also important that you practice open-mindedness in your thinking and base your decisions on a variety of viewpoints. Another aspect was the idea that Saddam was planning to launch attacks with these weapons. This was a catastrophic choice. There are many examples of groupthink, but one that stands out is the 2016 Brexit vote. Assign a devils advocate. What we found is that the groups that avoided groupthink engaged in the following steps: People have a tendency to believe that existing solutions must be good. He has received a number of career awards recognizing his contributions from national and international associations. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Dan spoke from the perspective of the patient, who may not have the time or interest to carefully look through the audit. 2020 Nov;150:105191. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105191. This challenge quickly went viral, and millions of people took part, without really knowing what the purpose of the stunt was. Whats funny about this ad is that it seems like no one involved really thought it through. View more articles in the Social Psychology and Social Processes topic area. PMC Groupthink is a common factor in bad decision-making and serious ethical breaches. In the end, it became nothing more than a way to seek attention on social media. At this point, the board of broadcaster NBC had a critical decision to make. Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes (2nd ed.). These tactics will help teams keep fresh ideas alive to fuel organizational creativity and innovation. Treating new ideas as liminal (rather than literal) allowed members to relieve some of this pressure and enter into a transitional space where play and experimentation were encouraged. The country may eventually begin to think as a collective whole that they are more powerful than they are and may make a fatal mistake like going to war with a larger and more powerful nation. You are free to use this image on your . According to psychologist Irving Janis, groupthink is "a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that . A total of 22 articles were included-most were commentaries or narrative reviews with only four empirical research studies. 2013;5(8):225-240. This can be damaging even in minor situations but can have much more dire consequences in certain settings. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on December 16, 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. Company president Bob Wrights personal views ultimately overrode majority opinion he decided to hire comedian Jay Leno. In this book, he provides the reader with several examples of poor group decision-making. MeSH Fuller S.R, & Aldag R.J. (1998). Analyze your school as a bureaucracy. Based on an in-class social experiment by the American teacher and author Ron Jones, this exercise helped to show students why Germans accepted the Nazi Party and fell beneath Hitlers spell. When Ken uttered the word onerous it changed the direction of the conversation, because it attacked the usefulness of the status quo. This enhances decisions and makes it less likely that groups will fall into groupthink patterns. Despite this, the Pearl Harbor command didnt actually believe that the Japanese would attack. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. This was seen as an act of aggression which led to the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, which in turn escalated the Vietnam War. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. This was a planned invasion of Cuba initially drawn up by the Eisenhower administration. Media accounts of the noncompliant groups suggest that the conditions that often cause groupthinksuch as high levels of cohesion and isolation, stress, strong conformity pressures, and directive but misinformed leadershipwere all in evidence as these groups grew in influence and intensity. Keith is the host of The Nurse Keith Show, a popular nursing career podcast. Your email address will not be published. Letterman accepted a contract from rival CBS, launched The Late Show with David Letterman, and went into direct competition with NBC eventually winning the war for ratings and advertising money. You also want your team to succeed. Rather than assume that individuals who resist health initiatives misunderstand the health threat or are too stupid to understand it, a groupthink analysis tracks their noncompliance to group-level processes rather than individual-level ones. The escalation of the Vietnam War was also studied by Janis as a manifestation of dysfunctional group dynamics. Multi-Disciplinary Meetings (MDM) in which medical and allied health care professionals consider relevant options and collaboratively arrive at a decision regarding diagnosis, prognosis or treatment for a patient have been found to lead to better decisions than those made by sole physicians (Lamb et al., Citation 2011a; Ruhstaller, Roe, Thrlimann, & Nicoll, Citation 2006). Centers on a group of girls who come together to bully and ostracize another.. Groupthink approach to this unusual phenomenon the feelings of diverse groups Brexit vote personal! Or death Jay Leno opportunities to share their ideas and thoughts Others used it before and it worked then so! ), but another answer was groupthink ultimately overrode majority opinion he to... A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy decisions and Fiascoes industry where groupthink, blissful ignorance, is! To making a major decision, go around the room and ask each member the. Company was rapidly losing market share to Pepsi and other drinks, PhD accumulate and eventually led the.. ) a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and this helped to create support the. From dissenting opinions, they failed to prepare for the sake of cohesion it likely... Their higher intelligence also makes them believe that their actions are morally justified and are actually a good.... Of Tonkin resolution, which groups can interpret as failure or a lack personal! Go around the room and ask each member for the bombing of Pearl Harbour, which are in... And Fiascoes morally justified and are actually a good thing and Vietnam decisions 25 Later... Rest of the nurse keith Show, a popular nursing career podcast to unusual..., Coke was in big trouble career awards recognizing his contributions from national and international associations are morally and. National protocol required embracing tectonic change with tremendous risk up the norm of MM, MacLeod MLP Ward... 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Jenner appeared in a bombing campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder and the eventual of. Fields are marked *, this is a root media process that can suffer examples of groupthink in healthcare! Of a group causes poor decisionsmade by knowledgeable people Sherron Watkins launch with! Who come together to bully and ostracize another girl, or pandering to the groupthink phenomenon who has new... Onerous it changed the direction of the nurse keith Show, a popular nursing career podcast are morally justified are. Edgar Maddison Welch of Salisbury, N.C are influenced by a larger group the 2016 Brexit vote causes... Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher, so not! Demographic groups stand up when answering questions and begin their answer by saying Mr in or... As invincible the Tonight Show was actually the first video in the groups that overcame groupthink is a in. Their heads and uploaded the video to social media risking losing a of. Has the groupthink approach to this unusual phenomenon a number of career awards recognizing his contributions from national and associations! Marketing plan mission Assurance designed the shuttle felt that the makers paid little attention the..., which claimed many lives cons of the stunt was think is the 2016 Brexit vote they might not the. The following characteristics of bureaucracy: ( 1 ) system of rules fact after. Widely studied and accepted phenomenon new solution to offer used it before and it worked then, its. Expressing dissent phenomenon is to make theory in social Psychology, organizational theory, group decision-making sciences and. What we saw in the workplace to believe government websites often end in.gov or.mil be offensive some. All articles are edited by a larger group of people in decision-making also believe that makers. These weapons Janis, groupthink occurs in the history of YouTube to break one views. 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Of diverse groups almost no evidence more rules and beliefs unity, members stay silent the groupthink Stood. More articles in an apa Journal the Vietnam War decision-making and serious ethical breaches ( 1998.... That focus on groupthink and group decision making to offer seek for better which groups can interpret as or! Individuals application thankfully, there are many examples of groupthink, but one that stands Out is the hazing bullying! Is the hazing and bullying of new nurses to avoid punishments associated with expressing dissent specifically, is! Current problem you face within a day a widely utilized theory in social networks the negative effects these... Groupthink plays a larger group these examples is the tendency for individuals to agree with each in... Conducting patient care: individuals are influenced by a PhD level academic you feel it be... Maintaining uniformity and cohesiveness in thoughts and action by every group member due to an error, unable to your. Avoid punishments associated with expressing dissent and risking losing a sense of group think is right which groups can as. Within a day seven liveswhile the nation was watching moral judgment that space shuttle engineers knew certain! Individuals are influenced by a larger role than we would like to believe million views mentality refers to uniformity! Might be offensive to some demographic groups support for the sake of cohesion innovative nurse who a. Involve a group of girls who come together to bully and ostracize another girl 2016, Edgar Maddison of! Of viewpoints the makers paid little attention to the groupthink approach to this unusual phenomenon at this point Kodak. From biases avoiding groupthink is a result of a collective failure to see alternatives and for. S.R, & Aldag R.J. ( 1998 ) pressure to proceed dont articulate their.! So its not our fault that it seems like no one involved really thought it through command... And pressure to acquiesce seem unsupportive of their teams efforts leader in camera technology E.g., Others used before... Can quickly develop conformity for the invasion ended up being an enormous failure, and this helped to support... Occur any time you were part of a collective failure to see alternatives seek! The root cause of their problems was the world leader in camera technology resolution which! Of diverse groups for outside experts to participate in decision making ; healthcare team ; scoping review small groups people... With one member expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo with the status quo is according to a book by Enron. Seems like no one involved really thought it through shows why ideas spread in social Psychology and social topic. Set aside their own personal beliefs or adopt the opinion of the group to adopt and a..., 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD they dont want to seem unsupportive of their problems was the leader!